{"id":41,"date":"2015-11-12T16:20:59","date_gmt":"2015-11-13T00:20:59","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/lis.iwaruna.com\/copyright-toolkit\/?p=41"},"modified":"2017-01-13T15:43:31","modified_gmt":"2017-01-13T23:43:31","slug":"how-to-determine-fair-use","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/lis.iwaruna.com\/copyright-toolkit\/how-to-determine-fair-use\/","title":{"rendered":"How to determine fair use"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><em>Last modified 12 November 2015.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>So you figured out the status of a work you or a patron want to access. This page provides tips on the <em>if<\/em> and <em>how<\/em> of fair usage.<br \/>\n<!--more--><\/p>\n<figure style=\"width: 500px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a title=\"Artwork Is Work\" href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/laughingsquid\/22656654801\/\" data-flickr-embed=\"true\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/farm1.staticflickr.com\/617\/22656654801_afa5df0e4b.jpg\" alt=\"Artwork Is Work\" width=\"500\" height=\"383\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artwork <em>is<\/em> work: Supporting the arts <a href=\"http:\/\/laughingsquid.com\/artwork-is-work-supporting-the-arts-means-paying-the-artists\/\" target=\"_blank\">means paying the artists<\/a> \u2014 sticker designed by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/bockovenbikeart\" target=\"_blank\">Michael Bockoven<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><script src=\"\/\/embedr.flickr.com\/assets\/client-code.js\" async=\"\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<p>Artists, inventors, researchers, students, enthusiasts \u2014 creators deserve attribution, and those who make a living from such effort and works should earn fair\u00a0economic compensation. But what is fair use of others&#8217; works? There are four factors when assessing fair use:\u00a0<em>purpose<\/em> of use, <em>nature<\/em>\u00a0of copyrighted work, the <em>amount<\/em> used, and potential <em>market effects<\/em>. In addition, the posts on <a href=\"http:\/\/lis.iwaruna.com\/copyright-toolkit\/2016\/04\/16\/media-dmca-drm\/\" target=\"_blank\">DRM and the DMCA<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/lis.iwaruna.com\/copyright-toolkit\/2016\/01\/18\/finding-media-producing-creative-works\/\" target=\"_blank\">finding public domain and DRM-free content<\/a>, and <a href=\"http:\/\/lis.iwaruna.com\/copyright-toolkit\/2016\/02\/29\/information-literacy-learning-more-about-copyright\/\" target=\"_blank\">copyright information literacy<\/a>\u00a0will also help!<\/p>\n<h2>Articles &amp; organizations<\/h2>\n<p>Regarding <strong>printed media<\/strong>, both <a href=\"https:\/\/www.eff.org\/deeplinks\/2015\/10\/big-win-fair-use-google-books-lawsuit\" target=\"_blank\">Google Books<\/a> and <a href=\"http:\/\/www.publishersweekly.com\/pw\/by-topic\/digital\/copyright\/article\/65217-authors-guild-drops-hathitrust-case.html#path\/pw\/by-topic\/digital\/copyright\/article\/65217-authors-guild-drops-hathitrust-case.html\" target=\"_blank\">HathiTrust<\/a> won cases against the Authors Guild to scan and freely make available online book content:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/Big Win For Fair Use In Google Books Lawsuit\" target=\"_blank\">Big Win For Fair Use In Google Books Lawsuit<\/a> (C. McSherry, 16 October 2015).<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.library.duke.edu\/scholcomm\/2015\/10\/18\/google-books-fair-use-and-the-public-good\/\" target=\"_blank\">Google Books, Fair Use, and the Public Good<\/a> (K. Smith, 18 October 2015), including an excellent definition of <em>transformative work<\/em> and how that is a form of fair use, i.e., &#8220;an answer to the question of how borrowing from a copyrighted work can be justified.&#8221;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.publishersweekly.com\/pw\/by-topic\/digital\/copyright\/article\/65217-authors-guild-drops-hathitrust-case.html#path\/pw\/by-topic\/digital\/copyright\/article\/65217-authors-guild-drops-hathitrust-case.html\" target=\"_blank\">Authors Guild Drops HathiTrust Case<\/a> (A. Albanese, 8 January 2015).<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/chronicle.com\/blogs\/wiredcampus\/hathitrust-digital-library-wins-latest-round-in-battle-with-authors\/53195\" target=\"_blank\">HathiTrust Digital Library Wins Latest Round in Battle With Authors<\/a> (J. Howard, 10 June 2014).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Visual media<\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.cmsimpact.org\/fair-use\" target=\"_blank\">Center for Media &amp; Social Impact<\/a> (CMSI) has a huge collection of documents on fair use \u2014\u00a0best practices, teaching materials, etc., for visual arts (video, film, television, documentaries), journalism, and much more.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/thevisualcommunicationguy.com\/2014\/07\/14\/can-i-use-that-picture\/\" target=\"_blank\">Can I use that picture? The terms, laws, and ethics for using copyrighted images<\/a>, by Curtis Newbold (14 July 2014) provides a handy visual guide on determining fair use of images.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_203\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-203\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-203 size-medium wp-caption aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/lis.iwaruna.com\/copyright-toolkit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2015\/11\/Infographic_CanIUseThatPicture4-300x194.jpg\" alt=\"Can I use that picture? (Newbold, 2014)\" width=\"300\" height=\"194\" srcset=\"https:\/\/lis.iwaruna.com\/copyright-toolkit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2015\/11\/Infographic_CanIUseThatPicture4-300x194.jpg 300w, https:\/\/lis.iwaruna.com\/copyright-toolkit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2015\/11\/Infographic_CanIUseThatPicture4-1024x663.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/lis.iwaruna.com\/copyright-toolkit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2015\/11\/Infographic_CanIUseThatPicture4-1260x815.jpg 1260w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-203\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Can I use that picture? (Newbold, 2014)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3>Archives &amp; other special collections<\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/publications.arl.org\/rli279\/\" target=\"_blank\">Special Collections and Archives in the Digital Age<\/a>, published by ARL in June 2012 provides guidance on digitization, permissions, donor agreements, etc., for libraries, museums, archives, and other special collections.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.infodocket.com\/2013\/10\/31\/new-report-from-clir-born-digital-guidance-for-donors-dealers-and-archival-repositories\/\" target=\"_blank\">Born Digital: Guidance for Donors, Dealers, and Archival Repositories<\/a>, by the Council on Library and Information Resources (CLIR, 2013).<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nedcc.org\/free-resources\/digital-preservation\" target=\"_blank\">Northeast Document Conservation Center<\/a> (NEDCC) is well known for helpful guides on preservation in both analog and digital media.<\/p>\n<p>Jisc (formerly called Joint Information Systems Committee), while based in the UK, offers detailed <a href=\"http:\/\/www.jiscdigitalmedia.ac.uk\/infokits\/\" target=\"_blank\">infokits<\/a> and guides on <a href=\"http:\/\/www.jiscdigitalmedia.ac.uk\/managing\" target=\"_blank\">management<\/a> and <a href=\"http:\/\/www.jiscdigitalmedia.ac.uk\/digitisation\" target=\"_blank\">digitization projects<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h3>Educational uses<\/h3>\n<p>Newbold has another useful article and accompanying infographic, <a href=\"http:\/\/thevisualcommunicationguy.com\/2014\/09\/16\/did-i-plagiarize-the-types-and-severity-of-plagiarism-violations\/\" target=\"_blank\">Did I plagiarize? The types and severity of plagiarism violations<\/a> (16 September 2014).<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_204\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-204\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-204 size-medium wp-caption aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/lis.iwaruna.com\/copyright-toolkit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2015\/11\/Infographic_Did-I-Plagiarize1-300x194.jpg\" alt=\"Did I plagiarize? (Newbold, 2014)\" width=\"300\" height=\"194\" srcset=\"https:\/\/lis.iwaruna.com\/copyright-toolkit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2015\/11\/Infographic_Did-I-Plagiarize1-300x194.jpg 300w, https:\/\/lis.iwaruna.com\/copyright-toolkit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2015\/11\/Infographic_Did-I-Plagiarize1-1024x663.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/lis.iwaruna.com\/copyright-toolkit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2015\/11\/Infographic_Did-I-Plagiarize1-1260x815.jpg 1260w, https:\/\/lis.iwaruna.com\/copyright-toolkit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2015\/11\/Infographic_Did-I-Plagiarize1.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-204\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Did I plagiarize? (Newbold, 2014)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/cms.bsu.edu\/academics\/libraries\/collectionsanddept\/copyright\/fairuseteach\/complyingwithteach\/confuguidelines\" target=\"_blank\">Final Report from the Conference on Fair Use<\/a> (CONFU) in 1998 had a conservative take on educational use of multimedia.<\/p>\n<h3>Music<\/h3>\n<p>Music Library Association&#8217;s\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/copyright.musiclibraryassoc.org\/Resources\/FAQ\" target=\"_blank\">FAQ on copyright<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/ucomm.wsu.edu\/music-copyright\/\" target=\"_blank\">Music &amp; copyright tips<\/a> from Washington State University<\/p>\n<h2>Tools<\/h2>\n<p>University of Minnesota Libraries&#8217; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lib.umn.edu\/copyright\/fairthoughts\" target=\"_blank\">Thinking Through Fair Use<\/a> tool offers a helpful form and checklist on how to gauge fair usage, using the four factors of evaluation.<\/p>\n<p>ALA&#8217;s <a href=\"http:\/\/librarycopyright.net\" target=\"_blank\">Copyright Advisory Network<\/a>\u00a0offers several interactive copyright tools:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/librarycopyright.net\/\/resources\/genie\" target=\"_blank\">The Copyright Genie<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/librarycopyright.net\/\/resources\/fairuse\" target=\"_blank\">Fair Use Evaluator<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/librarycopyright.net\/resources\/digitalslider\/\" target=\"_blank\">Public Domain Slider<\/a>\u00a0(requires Flash)<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/librarycopyright.net\/resources\/spinner\/\" target=\"_blank\">Section 108 Spinner<\/a> (requires Flash)<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/librarycopyright.net\/resources\/exemptions\/\" target=\"_blank\">Exemptions for Instructors eTool<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/fairuse.stanford.edu\/charts-and-tools\/\" target=\"_blank\">Stanford University offers additional tools<\/a> for teaching, as well as tips on permissions, and best practices for archivists, media studies, dance materials, cinema, and more.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.web2rights.com\/OERIPRSupport\/risk-management-calculator\/\" target=\"_blank\">Web2Rights&#8217; calculator<\/a> helps assess risk for open education resources.<\/p>\n<h2>Books<\/h2>\n<p><em>Copyright &amp; Cultural Institutions: Guidelines for Digitization for U.S. Libraries, Archives, and Museums<\/em>\u00a0(2009), by\u00a0Peter B. Hirtle, Emily Hudson, and Andrew T. Kenyon, is a <a href=\"http:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/sol3\/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1495365\" target=\"_blank\">PDF book available for free<\/a> under the Creative Commons BY-NC-ND 3.0 US license. It&#8217;s especially relevant to determining fair use:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Read\u00a0Chapter 2 for a thorough listing of the media and formats protected by copyright (many!). Moreover:\n<ul>\n<li>Do look at the thorough the provisions checklist 6.8 on pp. 127-128.<\/li>\n<li>Table 5.1 (pp. 88-89): Formats and areas with\u00a0Title 17 exemptions<\/li>\n<li>Flowchart 6.1 (p. 108): Cultural institutions exempted from Title 17<\/li>\n<li>Table 6.2 (p. 125): Decision guidelines when a user, patron, or student makes a request for a copyrighted work<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>If you&#8217;re an archivist or work on a digital library or repository, refer to these charts to help\u00a0in\u00a0evaluating the risk in digitization projects and preservation management:\n<ul>\n<li>Flowchart 1 (p. 3): Overview of copyright issues<\/li>\n<li>Flowchart 2 (p. 17): Describing the nature of a work<\/li>\n<li>Flowchart 6.2 (p. 117): More on digitization provisions<\/li>\n<li>Table\u00a010.1 (p. 194-195): Riskier factors towards copyright infringement<\/li>\n<li>Flowchart 10.1 (p. 2.03): Safer digitization workflow<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>If you&#8217;re concerned about fair use of music and audio works, definitely read Dwayne K. Butler&#8217;s &#8220;Music and Copyright,&#8221; chapter 15 (pp. 111-118) within Kenneth D. Crews <em>Copyright Law for Librarians and Educators: Creative Strategies &amp; Practical Solutions<\/em> (3rd edition, 2012, ALA). An important term to understand is <em>nondramatic<\/em> \u2014 which is\u00a0<strong>not<\/strong>\u00a0the same as nonfiction! Nondramatic refers to works with implied or explicit performance aspects. For instance, text-to-speech reading from screen readers (VoiceOver on Mac OS X\/iOS, JAWS on Windows) and automated\/generated read aloud feature of\u00a0readers and electronic devices would likely be considered <em>nondramatic<\/em>. By contrast, audiobooks would likely be considered <em>dramatic<\/em>, as they are often read as a performance, like a radio play, opera, and so on.<\/p>\n<h2>Government resources<\/h2>\n<p>Worthwhile sections of Title 17 to read concerning fair use include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Section 102: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.copyright.gov\/title17\/92chap1.html#102\" target=\"_blank\">Subject matter of copyright<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Section 105: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.copyright.gov\/title17\/92chap1.html#105\" target=\"_blank\">Subject matter regarding US government works<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Section 106: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.copyright.gov\/title17\/92chap1.html#106\" target=\"_blank\">Exclusive rights, i.e., specific protections of copyright<\/a>: reproduce, derivative works, distribution and copies, public performances, and transmission<\/li>\n<li>Section 107: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.copyright.gov\/title17\/92chap1.html#107\" target=\"_blank\">Fair use description<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Section 108: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.copyright.gov\/title17\/92chap1.html#108\" target=\"_blank\">Exemptions for libraries and archives<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Section 109: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.copyright.gov\/title17\/92chap1.html#109\" target=\"_blank\">Effect on transfer<\/a>, including\u00a0the crucial\u00a0<em>Doctrine of First Sale<\/em>, which protects\u00a0libraries when loaning out materials they purchase<\/li>\n<li>Sections 110(1) &amp; 110(2): <a href=\"http:\/\/www.copyright.gov\/title17\/92chap1.html#110\" target=\"_blank\">Exemptions for certain performances and displays<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Section 121, a.k.a., the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.copyright.gov\/title17\/92chap1.html#121\" target=\"_blank\">Chafee Amendment<\/a>, providing reproduction exemption for persons with disabilities<\/li>\n<li>Section 201:<a href=\"http:\/\/www.copyright.gov\/title17\/92chap2.html#201\" target=\"_blank\"> Ownership of copyright<\/a>, including initial ownership, works for hire (e.g., contracted work), contributions to collections, transfers both voluntary and otherwise<\/li>\n<li>Section 203: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.copyright.gov\/title17\/92chap2.html#203\" target=\"_blank\">Termination of copyright transfers and licenses granted by author<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Section 302: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.copyright.gov\/title17\/92chap3.html#302\" target=\"_blank\">Copyright duration for works created on or after January 1, 1978<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Section 303: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.copyright.gov\/title17\/92chap3.html#303\" target=\"_blank\">Copyright duration for works not published or copyrighted before January 1, 1978<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Section 304: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.copyright.gov\/title17\/92chap3.html#304\" target=\"_blank\">Duration of copyright<\/a>, especially concerning\u00a0renewals and extensions<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The TEACH Act of 2001\u00a0(<a href=\"http:\/\/www.copyright.gov\/docs\/regstat062701.html\" target=\"_blank\">House<\/a>\u00a0&amp;\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.copyright.gov\/docs\/regstat031301.html\" target=\"_blank\">Senate<\/a>\u00a0bills for Technology, Education, and Copyright Harmonization) outlines copyright and fair use for\u00a0educational contexts.<\/p>\n<h3>Court cases on fair use<\/h3>\n<p>Speaking of fair use in classrooms, two court cases help defend using <em>electronic resources<\/em> and <em>streaming video<\/em> online and in <em>distance learning<\/em>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/lj.libraryjournal.com\/2014\/10\/legislation\/court-reverses-ruling-on-publishers-vs-georgia-state-e-reserve-case\/\" target=\"_blank\">Association of American Publishers vs. Georgia State University<\/a>: Georgia State was able to maintain the vast majority its electronic course reserves.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.insidehighered.com\/news\/2011\/10\/05\/judge_dismisses_ucla_video_streaming_copyright_lawsuit\" target=\"_blank\">Association for Information and Media Equipment vs. University of California, Los Angeles<\/a>: The judge threw out the case against UCLA concerning streaming video for online courses.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/copyright.gov\/fair-use\/\" target=\"_blank\">US Copyright Fair Use Index<\/a> is a searchable database on cases regarding fair use and copyright.<\/p>\n<p>Stanford has useful <a href=\"http:\/\/fairuse.stanford.edu\/overview\/fair-use\/cases\/\" target=\"_blank\">fair use \u00a0case summaries<\/a>, organized by media and format.<\/p>\n<p>Unfortunately, <a href=\"http:\/\/mcir.usc.edu\/cases\/pages\/\" target=\"_blank\">cases of copyright infringement in music<\/a> have been stringent,often \u00a0favoring the copyright holder.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Last modified 12 November 2015. So you figured out the status of a work you or a patron want to access. This page provides tips on the if and how of fair usage.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":2,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-41","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/lis.iwaruna.com\/copyright-toolkit\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/41","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/lis.iwaruna.com\/copyright-toolkit\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/lis.iwaruna.com\/copyright-toolkit\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lis.iwaruna.com\/copyright-toolkit\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lis.iwaruna.com\/copyright-toolkit\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=41"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/lis.iwaruna.com\/copyright-toolkit\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/41\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":403,"href":"https:\/\/lis.iwaruna.com\/copyright-toolkit\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/41\/revisions\/403"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/lis.iwaruna.com\/copyright-toolkit\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=41"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}